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KICHIK TADBIRKORLIKNI RASMIYLASHTIRISH ORQALI YASHIRIN IQTISODIYOTNI QISQARTIRISH: TARMOQLAR KESIMIDAGI TAHLIL VA DIFFERENSIAL RAG‘BATLANTIRISH MEXANIZMI
Maqolada O‘zbekistonda yashirin iqtisodiyotning eng kuchli determinanti - kichik tadbirkorlik subyektlari sonining hisobot tizimiga integratsiyadan tezroq o‘sishi - muammosi IMRAD tuzilmasida tadqiq etilgan. Tadqiqot maqsadi - kichik tadbirkorlikni rasmiylashtirishning tarmoqlar kesimidagi omillarini aniqlash va raqamli iqtisodiyot vositalariga tayangan differensial rag‘batlantirish mexanizmini asoslash. 2017-2024 yillar bo‘yicha hududiy panel ma’lumotlari asosida logarifmik regressiya, sabab-oqibat tahlili, tarmoqlar bo‘yicha sifat matritsasi va xorijiy tajribani qiyosiy o‘rganish usullari qo‘llanilgan. Natijalar shuni ko‘rsatdiki, faol kichik tadbirkorlik subyektlari sonining 1 foizga o‘sishi yashirin iqtisodiyot ko‘rsatkichini 1,63 foizga oshiradi, ulgurji savdo aylanmasi (+0,12) ham shu yo‘nalishda ta’sir qiladi, tashqi savdo (-0,34) va chakana savdo aylanmasi (-0,05) esa uni kamaytiradi. Mamlakatda norasmiy iqtisodiyot ulushi 2017 yildagi 37,8 foizdan 2025 yilda 25,9 foizga tushgan bo‘lsa-da, uning mutlaq hajmi 3,15 barobar o‘sgan va Qashqadaryo, Namangan, Samarqand kabi hududlarda 3-6 barobarga yetgan. Yashirin iqtisodiyotga qarshi kurashish uchun mas’ul 14 ta idora o‘rtasida yagona ma’lumot bazasining yo‘qligi muvofiqlashtirishning asosiy to‘sig‘i sifatida aniqlangan. Tadqiqot natijasida «rasmiy bo‘lish arzon, norasmiy qolish qimmat» tamoyiliga asoslangan besh pog‘onali rasmiylashtirish zinapoyasi, idoralararo yagona raqamli platforma hamda 2025-2030 yillarga mo‘ljallangan yo‘l xaritasi va KPI tizimi taklif etilgan.
Lochin Raxmonov
PHD
Tushuntiruvchi darslik matnini o‘qib tushunish uchun matn treyleriga asoslangan mediatopshiriqlarning nazariy-didaktik modeli
Maktab amaliyotida keng tarqalgan buktreyler metodikasi badiiy matnga mo‘ljallangan: uning ustuvor vazifasi kitobxonlikka qiziqish uyg‘otish va asarni talqin qilishdir. Tushuntiruvchi darslik matni bilan ishlash esa boshqa didaktik vazifani – tushuncha, munosabat va xulosadan iborat ma’no tuzilmasini saqlagan holda qayta ifodalashni talab qiladi. Mavjud tadqiqotlarda bu ziddiyat hal etilmagan: o‘quvchi yaratadigan qisqa video tushuntiruvchi darslik matnini o‘qib tushunishning mustaqil mazmuniy natija ko‘rsatkichi sifatida tekshirilmagan. Maqolaning maqsadi – buktreyler, o‘quv matnini tushunish, polikodli matn, ikkilamchi o‘quv matni, multimedia ta’limi, kognitiv yuklama va o‘quvchi yaratadigan videoga oid manbalarni uyg‘un tahlil qilish asosida tushuntiruvchi matn bilan ishlashga mos matn treyleri mediatopshiriqlarining nazariy-didaktik modelini ishlab chiqish. Ish nazariy-metodologik maqomga ega: unda qiyosiy-tipologik va tushunchaviy tahlil hamda pedagogik modellashtirish usullari qo‘llangan. Tadqiqotning asosiy natijasi quyidagilardan iborat: matn treylerining o‘lchanadigan chegaralarga ega ishchi ta’rifi berildi; uni yaqin tushunchalardan ajratish mezonlari asoslandi; uch guruhga birlashtirilgan sakkizta didaktik shart raqamlangan tizim sifatida ochib berildi; to‘qqiz bosqichli jarayon modeli har bir bosqichning nazariy tayanchi bilan tavsiflandi; treyler sifati va o‘qib tushunish natijasini ajratib baholaydigan ikki asosiy hamda uch qo‘shimcha obyektli baholash tartibi va mezonli rubrika taklif etildi. Model 6-sinf “Qadimgi dunyo tarixi” darsligidagi Nil vodiysi haqidagi parcha misolida ochib berildi. Natijalar nazariy xususiyatga ega va empirik tekshiruvni talab qiladi.
Umarov Bahrom
PhD, dotsent
The evolution of the esg concept and its role in the corporate governance of joint-stock companies
This article examines the evolution of the Environmental, Social and Governance (ESG) concept, its development from corporate social responsibility into a modern management instrument, and its role in the corporate governance of joint-stock companies. The environmental, social and governance dimensions of ESG are distinguished in terms of their substantive content. Drawing on stakeholder, agency, institutional and signaling theories, the article explains the mechanisms through which ESG may influence managerial decision-making, risk management, information transparency and long-term corporate value. Particular attention is paid to the principal challenges of ESG implementation in developing and transition economies, including weak institutional enforcement, concentrated ownership, fragmented reporting standards and divergence among ESG ratings. The article concludes by developing conceptual implications for integrating ESG into the corporate governance systems of joint-stock companies in Uzbekistan, with particular emphasis on transport enterprises.
Raxmatov Ziyodullo
PhD, dotsent
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